In summary, the hybrid integration of photonic materials with the LN film is a highly effective solution for integrated photonics which can avoid the etching of LN. Nonetheless, irrespective of whether the LN film is effective being a major cladding or simply a substrate, the transition reduction involving the two https://lithium-niobate-crystal91245.articlesblogger.com/55158968/lithium-niobate-crystal-for-dummies